PTH dependent Genetic disorders: familial hyperparathyroidism, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism–jaw tumor syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia Medications: lithium Primary hyperparathyroidism Tertiary hyperparathyroidism*

PTH independent Cancer: humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (mediated by PTH-related peptide), osteolytic metastases (e.g., multiple myeloma) Excess vitamin D  Endogenous sources: Williams syndrome, granulomatous diseases such as sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, or coccidioidomycosis  Exogenous sources: vitamin D supplements or analogues Medications: thiazides, theophylline, vitamin A, synthetic PTH (teriparatide [Forteo], abaloparatide [Tymlos]), calcium (milk-alkali syndrome) Other endocrine disorders: thyrotoxicosis, adrenal insufficiency, pheochromocytoma Renal failure (acute or chronic)