Medication	Onset of action (minutes)	Half-life (hours)	Dose (mg)	Main indications	Common adverse effects	Representative fair price*
Benzodiazepines
Estazolam	120	10 to 24	0.5 to 2	Sleep onset and maintenance insomnia	Somnolence, dizziness, ataxia, asthenia, rebound insomnia†	$20 to $25
Flurazepam	15 to 45	40 to 114	15 to 30	Sleep onset and maintenance insomnia	Taste disorder, somnolence, ataxia, dizziness, hangover, blurred vision, rarely leukopenia	$15
Quazepam (Doral)	30	39 to 75	7.5 to 15	Sleep onset and maintenance insomnia	Dyspepsia, xerostomia, dizziness, hangover, headache, fatigue	$200 ($800)
Temazepam (Restoril)	30 to 60	8 to 15	7.5 to 30	Sleep onset and maintenance insomnia	Somnolence, blurred vision, hypotension, rebound insomnia†	$10 to $50 ($850 to $950)
Triazolam (Halcion)	15 to 30	2 to 5	0.125 to 0.25	Sleep onset and maintenance insomnia	Somnolence, amnesia, ataxia, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, hepatotoxicity, rebound insomnia†	$35 ($175)
Benzodiazepine receptor agonists
Eszopiclone (Lunesta)	10	5 to 7	1 to 3	Sleep maintenance	Metallic taste in the mouth, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, somnolence, rebound insomnia†	$10 ($450)
Zaleplon (Sonata)	30	1	5 to 20	Sleep onset insomnia; can be given upon awakening at night	Dizziness, headache, rebound insomnia†	$10 ($350)
Zolpidem (Ambien)	7 to 27	2 to 3	5 to 10	Sleep onset insomnia	Somnolence, fatigue, drugged state, dizziness; occasionally sleep walking, talking, or eating; amnesia; increased fall risk in older people; rebound insomnia†	$10 ($600)
Zolpidem CR (Ambien CR)	30	3 to 4.5	6.25 to 12.5	Sleep onset and maintenance insomnia	Similar to zolpidem	$20 ($600)
Melatonin receptor agonist
Ramelteon (Rozerem)	45	2 to 5	8	Sleep onset insomnia	Dizziness, somnolence, fatigue, nausea, exacerbation of insomnia, hallucinations	$60 ($400)
Orexin receptor agonist
Lemborexant (DayVigo)	15 to 20	17 to 19	5 to 10	Sleep onset and maintenance insomnia	Drowsiness, abnormal dreams, headache, hazardous sleep-related activities (sleep walking, sleep driving)	— ($300)
Suvorexant (Belsomra)	30	12	10 to 20	Sleep onset and maintenance insomnia	Diarrhea, dry mouth, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, abnormal dreams	— ($400)
Tricyclic antidepressant
Doxepin (Silenor)	30	15	3 to 6	Sleep maintenance	Nausea, dizziness, dry mouth	$125 ($550)