Test	Comments
Screening questionnaires
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise14	Three-question screen (frequency of alcohol use, number of drinks in one sitting, frequency of ≥ 6 drinks in one sitting), with tiered point system depending on response; online calculator available at https://www.mdcalc.com/audit-c-alcohol-use Men with a score ≥ 4: sensitivity = 86%, specificity = 89% Women with a score ≥ 3: sensitivity = 73%, specificity = 91%
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Single Alcohol Screening Question15	“How many times in the past year have you had five or more drinks in one day (for men) or four or more drinks in one day (for women)?” Sensitivity = 80%, specificity = 74%
Biomarkers
Ethyl glucuronide or ethyl sulfate16	Urine alcohol biomarker that detects use in the preceding three days Prolonged by renal insufficiency Ethyl glucuronide: sensitivity = 76%, specificity = 93% Ethyl sulfate: sensitivity = 82%, specificity = 86%
Phosphatidylethanol17	Blood alcohol biomarker that detects use in the preceding two to three weeks Not affected by age, body mass index, patient sex, kidney disease, or liver disease More costly than urine tests Sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 96%