Potential causes	Examples
Abdominal processes	Appendicitis, ischemic colitis, malignancy
Dietary	Alcohol, caffeine, celiac disease (autoimmune), FODMAP malabsorption, lactose intolerance, nondigestible sugars
Endocrine abnormalities	Adrenal dysfunction, bile acid malabsorption, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, thyroid dysfunction
Functional	Irritable bowel syndrome, mental health comorbidities, overflow diarrhea due to fecal impaction
Inflammatory	Crohn disease, microscopic colitis, radiation enteritis, ulcerative colitis
Medication effects	Antibiotics, antineoplastic drugs, behavioral health medications (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors), hypoglycemic agents, magnesium-containing products