Infectious disease	Geographic range	Incubation period	Clinical manifestation/diagnosis	Treatment	Special considerations
B virus (herpesvirus B)	Africa, Asia, South America, Caribbean	Usually within 1 month but may be as early as 3 to 7 days	Vesicular-like rash near inoculation site with flulike symptoms; neurologic symptoms are a late manifestation Diagnostic testing of human specimens is performed only at the National B Virus Resource Center	Postexposure prophylaxis with valacyclovir or acyclovir Intravenous acyclovir or ganciclovir (Cytovene) once B virus infection has been diagnosed	Fewer than 50 cases have been documented in the United States since 1932 Encephalomyelitis is often fatal despite treatment
Cutaneous larva migrans (Ancylostoma)	Macaque monkeys are the natural reservoir (Asia and Africa)	1 to 5 days but may take up to 1 month	Eruption with erythematous tracking (serpiginous) that is intensely pruritic The feet and gluteal regions are the most common sites Clinical diagnosis only	Self-limiting with symptomatic treatment Rash resolves within 6 weeks Albendazole is very effective	Use barrier clothing when on beaches Avoid exposure to cat and dog feces
Leishmaniasis (cutaneous)	Old World: Middle East, Southwest and Central Asia, Africa, and southern Europe New World: Mexico, Central and South America	1 to 6 months	Small papules that develop into a nonhealing open sore with a raised border and central ulceration Lesions are usually painless Diagnosis is clinical, aided by culture, light microscopy, and molecular techniques	Treatment should be based in consultation with infectious disease or tropical medicine specialists Miltefosine may be used for New World species; do not use in those who are pregnant or breastfeeding Pentostam is available through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for intravenous treatment	Most common in rural areas with exposure to sand flies The highest risk of exposure is during dusk and dawn Mucosal leishmaniasis typically develops from untreated cutaneous leishmaniasis years later May affect the nose, sinuses, and, less often, the mouth
Loa loa (loiasis)	West or Central Africa	3 to 4 years	Calabar swellings (erythematous, pruritic nodules noted under the skin) Microscopy of blood for the visualization of microfilariae	Treatment of choice is diethylcarbamazine combined with ivermectin Treatment should be based in consultation with infectious disease or tropical medicine specialists	—
Measles	Global	7 to 21 days	Nonspecific flulike illness with a maculopapular rash developing around 14 days after exposure (3 to 7 days after prodrome starts) Koplik spots: small white spots on the inside of the buccal mucosa Diagnosis via serology, polymerase chain reaction, or isolation of virus Must report positive cases to public health authorities	Supportive care Vitamin A supplementation is recommended for cases in the developing world	Vaccine preventable Typically the patient is contagious from 4 days before until 4 days after rash onset One of the most contagious viruses known; humans are the only natural host
Meningococcal meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis)	Endemic to West and Central Africa	1 to 10 days	Clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic, dermatologic manifestations such as petechiae, to severe systemic/neurologic disease	Many antimicrobial treatment options available; treatment should be based in consultation with infectious disease specialists	Vaccines are widely available, targeting A, B, C, Y, W-135 Seasonal variance noted in Africa Meningitis belt in sub-Saharan Africa; extends from Senegal to Ethiopia
Mpox (monkeypox)	Global	5 to 17 days	Prodrome fever followed by vesicular rash that can involve palms and soles Significant lymphadenopathy Polymerase chain reaction can help with diagnosis	Treatment is mainly supportive because lesions resolve by 2 to 4 weeks Tecovirimat (Tpoxx) for severe cases	Ongoing 2022 outbreak in Europe and Americas spread most often via sexual contact
River blindness (Onchocerca volvulus)	Sub-Saharan Africa, Brazil, Venezuela, Yemen	Approximately 18 months	Intensely pruritic, papular dermatitis, lymphadenitis, subcutaneous nodules, and ocular involvement that may lead to blindness Diagnosis is aided by visualization of worms on biopsy	Ivermectin	Travelers typically present with a rash
Scabies	Global	2 to 6 weeks, although symptoms may appear sooner if previously had scabies	Clinical diagnosis with characteristic rash in skinfolds	Topical permethrin or oral ivermectin	Higher prevalence in travelers who are abroad > 2 months Treat close contacts