The incidence and prevalence of heart failure (HF) in the United States are high, with an estimated 6.2 million cases, and these numbers are expected to increase. Age is a nonmodifiable risk factor for HF development. Hypertension, diabetes, and ischemic heart disease are...
Heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is becoming more prevalent as the US population ages. Although the clinical presentation of HFrEF is remarkably similar to that of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), the primary etiology may be different. In...
When evaluating patients for left-sided heart failure (HF), physicians should consider right-sided HF as well. There is significant crossover in symptoms, and these conditions frequently are seen together. Common causes of acute right-sided HF include pulmonary embolism and...
End-stage heart failure (HF) is associated with an extremely poor prognosis. Progressive and/or persistent HF signs and symptoms in the setting of optimal therapy is the hallmark of more advanced disease. Physicians must be able to recognize patients with features of...
Disclosure
All editors in a position to control content for this activity, FP Essentials, are required to disclose any relevant financial relationships. View disclosures.