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Diabetes: Type 2 - American Family Physician

Nov 1, 2020 - This collection features AFP content on type 2 diabetes and related issues, including blood glucose levels, diabetic complications (such as ketoacidosis and neuropathy), glycemic control, insulin management, and gestational diabetes. This collection features AFP content on type 2 ...

American Family Physician : AFP By Topic

https://www.aafp.org/afp/topicModules/viewTopicModule.htm?topicModuleId=7

Type 2 Diabetes Therapies: A STEPS Approach - American Family Physician

Feb 15, 2019 - A concise way to evaluate pharmacotherapy options for type 2 diabetes mellitus is to use the five patient-oriented STEPS criteria: safety, tolerability, efficacy, price, and simplicity. The first-line treatment option, metformin, is safe and fairly well-tolerated, has excellent ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0215/p237.html

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Outpatient Insulin Management - American Family Physician

Jan 1, 2018 - In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin may be used to augment therapy with oral glycemic medications or as insulin replacement therapy. The American Diabetes Association suggests the use of long-acting (basal) insulin to augment therapy with one or two oral agents or one ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0101/p29.html

Glucose Management in Hospitalized Patients - American Family Physician

Nov 15, 2017 - Glucose management in hospitalized patients poses challenges to physicians, including identifying blood glucose targets, judicious use of oral diabetes mellitus medications, and implementing appropriate insulin regimens. Uncontrolled blood glucose levels can lead to deleterious effects ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/1115/p648.html

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State - American Family Physician

Dec 1, 2017 - Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is a life-threatening emergency manifested by marked elevation of blood glucose and hyperosmolarity with little or no ketosis. Although there are multiple precipitating causes, underlying infections are the most common. Other causes include certain ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/1201/p729.html

Diabetes Mellitus: Screening and Diagnosis - American Family Physician

Jan 15, 2016 - Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diagnoses made by family physicians. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to blindness, limb amputation, kidney failure, and vascular and heart disease. Screening patients before signs and symptoms develop leads to earlier diagnosis and treatment, ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2016/0115/p103.html

Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus - American Family...

Apr 1, 2015 - Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects approximately 6% of pregnancies in the United States, and it is increasing in prevalence. Pregnant women without known diabetes mellitus should be screened for GDM after 24 weeks of gestation. Treatment of GDM results in a statistically ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0401/p460.html

Type 1 Diabetes: Management Strategies - American Family Physician

Aug 1, 2018 - There is considerable benefit of tight glucose control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Tight blood glucose control dramatically decreases the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Although glycemic goals should be individualized, most nonpregnant adults ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0801/p154.html

Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Evaluation and Treatment - American Family Physician

Mar 1, 2013 - Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by a serum glucose level greater than 250 mg per dL, a pH less than 7.3, a serum bicarbonate level less than 18 mEq per L, an elevated serum ketone level, and dehydration. Insulin deficiency is the main precipitating factor. Diabetic ketoacidosis ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0301/p337.html

Diabetic Kidney Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention - American Family Physician

Jun 15, 2019 - Globally, approximately 20% of the 400 million individuals with diabetes mellitus have diabetic kidney disease (DKD). DKD is associated with higher cardiovascular and all-cause morbidity and mortality, so timely diagnosis and treatment are critical. Screening for early DKD is best done ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0615/p751.html

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children - American Family Physician

Nov 1, 2018 - The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents has increased worldwide over the past three decades. This increase has coincided with the obesity epidemic, and minority groups are disproportionately affected. The American Diabetes Association recommends screening ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/1101/p590.html

Insulin Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - American Family Physician

Jul 15, 2011 - Insulin therapy is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and an initial A1C level greater than 9 percent, or if diabetes is uncontrolled despite optimal oral glycemic therapy. Insulin therapy may be initiated as augmentation, starting at 0.3 unit per kg, or as ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/0715/p183.html

Treating Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: An Update - American Family Physician

Aug 1, 2016 - Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy occurs in approximately 25% of patients with diabetes mellitus who are treated in the office setting and significantly affects quality of life. It typically causes burning pain, paresthesias, and numbness in a stocking-glove pattern that progresses...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2016/0801/p227.html

Management of Blood Glucose with Noninsulin Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes - American ...

Jul 1, 2015 - A comprehensive, collaborative approach is necessary for optimal treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treatment guidelines focus on nutrition, exercise, and pharmacologic therapies to prevent and manage complications. Patients with prediabetes or new-onset diabetes ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0701/p27.html

Diabetes Self-Management: Facilitating Lifestyle Change - American Family Physician

Sep 15, 2017 - Healthy eating and increased physical activity can prevent or delay the onset of diabetes mellitus and facilitate diabetes management. Current guidelines recommend long-term weight loss of 5% to 7% of body weight and 150 minutes of at least moderate-intensity physical activity per week ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0915/p362.html

Diabetes Mellitus: Management of Gastrointestinal Complications - American Family ...

Dec 15, 2016 - Gastrointestinal disorders are common complications of diabetes mellitus and include gastroparesis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and chronic diarrhea. Symptoms of gastroparesis include early satiety, postprandial fullness, nausea, vomiting of ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2016/1215/p980.html

Diabetic Foot Infections - American Family Physician

Aug 1, 2013 - Diabetic foot infection, defined as soft tissue or bone infection below the malleoli, is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus leading to hospitalization and the most frequent cause of nontraumatic lower extremity amputation. Diabetic foot infections are diagnosed clinically...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0801/p177.html

Diabetic Nephropathy--The Family Physician's Role - American Family Physician

May 1, 2012 - Nearly one-half of persons with chronic kidney disease have diabetes mellitus. Diabetes accounted for 44 percent of new cases of kidney failure in 2008. Diabetic nephropathy, also called diabetic kidney disease, is associated with significant macrovascular risk, and is the leading cause...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/0501/p883.html

Diabetic Foot Infection - American Family Physician

Jul 1, 2008 - Foot infections are common in patients with diabetes and are associated with high morbidity and risk of lower extremity amputation. Diabetic foot infections are classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0701/p71.html

Should Adults with Prediabetes Be Prescribed Metformin to Prevent Diabetes Mellitus? ...

Aug 1, 2019 - Discussing with patients the pros and cons of medications for borderline glucose values could distract us from more important topics such as lifestyle changes, smoking cessation, and blood pressure control. Time is the most valuable resource in a physician-patient partnership, and there...

American Family Physician : Editorials: Controversies in Family Medicine

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0801/p136.html

Pharmacologic Management of Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes - American Family ...

Dec 1, 2008 - Hypertension is a common comorbidity in patients with diabetes, and adequate control of blood pressure significantly reduces the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Patients with diabetes should achieve a target blood pressure of less than 130/80 mm Hg. The use of ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/1201/p1277.html

Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis and Screening - American Family Physician

Apr 1, 2010 - Based on etiology, diabetes is classified as type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, latent autoimmune diabetes, maturity-onset diabetes of youth, and miscellaneous causes. The diagnosis is based on measurement of A1C level, fasting or random blood glucose level, or oral ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0401/p863.html

Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 2 Diabetes Is Not Ready for Widespread Adoption -...

Jun 1, 2020 - Although continuous glucose monitoring may benefit patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, there is limited evidence that it offers similar benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes, regardless of whether they are taking insulin.

American Family Physician : Editorials

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2020/0601/p646.html

Diabetic Ketoacidosis - American Family Physician

May 1, 2005 - A diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis requires the patient's plasma glucose concentration to be above 250 mg per dL (although it usually is much higher), the pH level to be less than 7.30, and the bicarbonate level to be 18 mEq per L or less. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a better measurement ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0501/p1705.html

Metformin to Prevent Diabetes in Patients at Increased Risk - Cochrane for Clinicians -...

Nov 1, 2020 - In patients at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, metformin reduces the risk (number needed to treat [NNT] = 7; 95% CI, 6 to 10) compared with counseling on standard diet and exercise.

American Family Physician : Cochrane for Clinicians

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2020/1101/p531.html

Glycemic Control in Hospitalized Patients Not in Intensive Care: Beyond Sliding-Scale ...

May 1, 2010 - Glycemic control in hospitalized patients who are not in intensive care remains unsatisfactory. Despite persistent expert recommendations urging its abandonment, the use of sliding-scale insulin remains pervasive in U.S. hospitals. Evidence for the effectiveness of sliding-scale insulin...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0501/p1130.html

Oral Semaglutide (Rybelsus) for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - STEPS - ...

Nov 15, 2020 - Oral semaglutide (Rybelsus) is labeled as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

American Family Physician : STEPS

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2020/1115/p627.html

Evidence to Avoid Overtesting and Overuse in Diabetes Mellitus and Other Diseases - ...

Nov 15, 2020 - What can physicians do to avoid overuse? Start by asking the right questions.

American Family Physician : Editorials

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2020/1115/p583.html

Treating Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain - American Family Physician

Jul 15, 2010 - Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain affects the functionality, mood, and sleep patterns of approximately 10 to 20 percent of patients with diabetes mellitus. Treatment goals include restoring function and improving pain control. Patients can realistically expect a 30 to 50 percent ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0715/p151.html

Cycled Hyperbaric Oxygen Improves the Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers - POEMs - ...

Oct 15, 2020 - Hyperbaric oxygen provided with a device that cycles oxygen from high pressure to low pressure increased the likelihood of complete healing of diabetic foot ulcers when combined with standard dressing and an offloading boot.

American Family Physician : POEMs

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2020/1015/od3.html

Similar Long-Term Morbidity and Mortality with Human Insulin and Analogue Insulin - ...

Sep 15, 2020 - This study found no difference in long-term patient-oriented outcomes between human and analogue insulins in adults with type 2 diabetes.

American Family Physician : POEMs

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2020/0915/p375.html

IDx-DR for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening - Diagnostic Tests: What Physicians Need to ...

Mar 1, 2020 - IDx-DR is a reliable screening tool used to diagnose diabetic retinopathy in the primary care office and may reduce barriers to screening and improve gaps in eye care for those with diabetes.

American Family Physician : Diagnostic Tests: What Physicians Need to Know

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2020/0301/p307.html

Gastrointestinal Complications of Diabetes - American Family Physician

Jun 15, 2008 - Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes include gastroparesis, intestinal enteropathy (which can cause diarrhea, constipation, and fecal incontinence), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Patients with gastroparesis may present with early satiety, nausea, vomiting, bloating, ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0615/p1697.html

Should Adults with Prediabetes Be Prescribed Metformin to Prevent Diabetes Mellitus? ...

Aug 1, 2019 - High-quality evidence supports metformin use for diabetes prevention among younger or more obese individuals or for women with a history of gestational diabetes. Clinicians should consider prescribing metformin, in addition to intensive lifestyle interventions, in accordance with ...

American Family Physician : Editorials: Controversies in Family Medicine

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0801/p134.html

Glucose Control in Hospitalized Patients - American Family Physician

May 1, 2010 - Evidence indicates that hospitalized patients with hyperglycemia do not benefit from tight blood glucose control. Maintaining a blood glucose level of less than 180 mg per dL (9.99 mmol per L) will minimize symptoms of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia without adversely affecting ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0501/p1121.html

Linagliptin and Glimepiride Equally Effective for Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ...

Mar 1, 2020 - This study found that linagliptin is noninferior to glimepiride for reducing the risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in adults with type 2 diabetes at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

American Family Physician : POEMs

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2020/0301/p309a.html

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: ACP Releases Updated Guidance Statement on A1C Targets for ...

Nov 1, 2018 - This guidance statement from the American College of Physicians (ACP) aims to help physicians achieve appropriate A1C targets via medication for nonpregnant patients with type 2 diabetes based on a review of six health care organization guidelines.

American Family Physician : Practice Guidelines

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/1101/p613.html

Diagnosis and Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus - American Family Physician

Jul 1, 2009 - Gestational diabetes occurs in 5 to 9 percent of pregnancies in the United States and is growing in prevalence. It is a controversial entity, with conflicting guidelines and treatment protocols. Recent studies show that diagnosis and management of this disorder have beneficial effects ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0701/p57.html

Management of Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - American Family Physician

Jan 1, 2009 - Evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus focus on three areas: intensive lifestyle intervention that includes at least 150 minutes per week of physical activity, weight loss with an initial goal of 7 percent of baseline weight, and a low-fat, ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0101/p29.html

Semaglutide (Ozempic) for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - STEPS - American Family Physician

Jul 15, 2019 - Semaglutide can be added to existing treatment to improve glycemic control and induce weight loss. It may also protect against cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease.

American Family Physician : STEPS

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0715/p116.html

Dapagliflozin in High-Risk Type 2 Diabetes Reduces Hospitalization for Heart Failure ...

Aug 1, 2019 - The only cardiovascular benefit to treatment with dapagliflozin was a reduction in the likelihood of hospitalization; 125 patients would need to be treated for 10 years to prevent one hospitalization.

American Family Physician : POEMs

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0801/p184.html

Metformin for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis - ...

Feb 15, 2019 - Metformin does not seem to be an effective treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. There are no studies evaluating whether metformin improves long-term patient-oriented outcomes such as progression from NAFLD to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or ...

American Family Physician : FPIN's Clinical Inquiries

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0215/p262.html

Omega-3 Oil Does Not Reduce Serious Cardiovascular Events for Patients with Diabetes ...

Jul 15, 2019 - In this study, there was no significant difference in the likelihood of a composite vascular outcome or all-cause mortality in patients given an omega-3 fatty acid supplement compared with those given an olive oil placebo.

American Family Physician : POEMs

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0715/p120.html

Benefits and Harms for Low-Dose Aspirin in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus - POEMs - ...

Jun 1, 2019 - The 7,740 patients who took low-dose aspirin experienced 51 fewer vascular deaths, nonfatal myocardial infarctions, or nonfatal ischemic strokes; 29 fewer transient ischemic attacks; and 44 fewer revascularizations than patients who took placebo over a mean of 7.4 years.

American Family Physician : POEMs

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0601/p718.html

Preventing or Delaying Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Diet and Exercise - Cochrane for ...

Dec 1, 2018 - There is moderate-quality evidence that in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) defined by an abnormal 75-g two-hour glucose tolerance test, implementing changes in diet and adding physical activity together can prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes.

American Family Physician : Cochrane for Clinicians

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/1201/p643.html

NPH Insulin: Fewer Episodes of Severe Hypoglycemia Than Analogs and Less Than One-Half ...

Jan 1, 2019 - This study found that compared with expensive long-acting insulin analogs costing two to 10 times as much, NPH insulin results in a similar number of episodes of severe hypoglycemia (if not fewer) that result in emergency department visits and hospitalizations.

American Family Physician : POEMs

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0101/p53a.html

Understanding the High Cost of Insulin: What Family Physicians Can Do to Help Our ...

Apr 1, 2019 - Through clinical and system-level interventions, family physicians can push back against the high cost of insulin and help patients with type 2 diabetes afford these essential medications.

American Family Physician : Editorials

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0401/p416.html

Statins Ineffective for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients 75 ...

Apr 1, 2019 - In this retrospective study, statin treatment in patients 75 years or older without preexisting CVD did not change the likelihood of developing CVD or reduce any-cause mortality. However, patients 75 to 84 years of age with diabetes mellitus benefitted from treatment. These results ...

American Family Physician : POEMs

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0401/p461.html

Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose - American Family Physician

Apr 15, 2004 - Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose form an intermediate stage in the natural history of diabetes mellitus. From 10 to 15 percent of adults in the United States have one of these conditions. Impaired glucose tolerance is defined as two-hour glucose levels of 140 to ...

American Family Physician : Article

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0415/p1961.html

Diabetes: ADA Releases Revised Position Statement on Standards of Medical Care - ...

Aug 1, 2018 - Because the evidence regarding medical care for persons with diabetes mellitus continues to evolve, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) annually updates its standards. In addition, starting in 2018, the ADA will also periodically update its guidance online if warranted.

American Family Physician : Practice Guidelines

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0801/p187.html