Pneumococcal Vaccines in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Zachariah Clark; Douglas M. Maurer

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Apr 1, 2018 Issue

Medicine by the Numbers

A Collaboration of TheNNT.com and AFP

Pneumococcal Vaccines in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

ZACHARIAH CLARK, MD, and DOUGLAS MAURER, DO, MPH, FAAFP

Am Fam Physician. 2018 Apr 1;97(7):463-464.

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PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINES IN PATIENTS WITH COPD

Benefits	Harms
1 in 21 avoided an episode of community-acquired pneumonia	No harms were reported
1 in 8 avoided an acute COPD exacerbation
No deaths were prevented
No hospital admissions were prevented
No cases of pneumococcal pneumonia were prevented
No reduction in all-cause mortality

COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINES IN PATIENTS WITH COPD

Benefits	Harms
1 in 21 avoided an episode of community-acquired pneumonia	No harms were reported
1 in 8 avoided an acute COPD exacerbation
No deaths were prevented
No hospital admissions were prevented
No cases of pneumococcal pneumonia were prevented
No reduction in all-cause mortality

COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Details for This Review

Study Population: Adults with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) without previous pneumococcal vaccination

Efficacy End Points: Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), morta lity from cardiorespirator y causes, all-cause mortality, hospital admission, and COPD exacerbation

Harm End Points: Adverse effects of vaccination

Narrative: Worldwide, COPD was the fourth leading cause of death in 2015 with exacerbations of the disease contributing to significant health care costs and decline in patient quality of life.1–4 Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae is strongly associated with the development of CAP in persons with COPD. However, until recently, the benefit of vaccination against S. pneumoniae for preventing pneumonia was only studied in populations without a diagnosis of COPD.5–7 In this 2017 Cochrane review of 12 randomized controlled trials with 2,171 participants, the effect of pneumococcal vaccination was compared with that of a control or alternative vaccine type.

Pneumococcal vaccines had a significant effect on reducing CAP when compared with control (number needed to treat [NNT] = 21; six randomized controlled trials [RCTs], N = 1,372; odds ratio [OR] = 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43 to 0.89; moderate certainty evidence), but they had no effect on reducing episodes of pneumococcal pneumonia (three RCTs, N = 1,158; OR =

Author disclosure: No relevant financial affiliations.

This series is coordinated by Dean A. Seehusen, MD, MPH, AFP Contributing Editor, and Daniel Runde, MD, from the NNT Group.

A collection of Medicine by the Numbers published in AFP is available at http://www.aafp.org/afp/mbtn.

References

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1. World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/. Accessed May 19, 2017....

2. Groenewegen K, Schols A, Wouters EF. Prognosis after hospitalization for acute exacerbations of COPD. European Respiratory Journal. 2001;8(suppl 33):209s.

3. Seemungul TA, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, Bestall JC, Jeffires DJ, Wedzicha JA. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157 (5 pt 1):1418–1422.

4. Wedzicha JA, Donaldson GC. Exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Care. 2003;48(12):1204–1215.

5. File TM Jr, Monte SV, Schentag JJ, et al. A disease model descriptive of progression between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations and community-acquired pneumonia: roles for underlying lung disease and the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33(1):58–64.

6. Butler JC, Breiman RF, Campbell JF, Lipman HB, Broome CV, Facklam RR. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy. An evaluation of current recommendations. JAMA. 1993;270(15):1826–1831.

7. Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA, et al. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154(23):2666–2677.

8. Walters JA, Tang JN, Poole P, Wood-Baker R. Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(1):CD001390.

9. Dalal AA, Shah M, D'Souza AO, Rane P. Costs of COPD exacerbations in the emergency department and inpatient setting. Respir Med. 2011; 105(3):454–460.

10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). Adult immunization schedule 2017. Atlanta, Ga.: 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/adult.html. Accessed June 5, 2017.

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