Common foot deformities can impact mobility, quality of life, and overall foot health. Great toe deformities (eg, hallux valgus, hallux rigidus/limitus), lesser toe deformities, and arch deformities (eg, pes planus, pes cavus) are structural abnormalities that can arise from hereditary factors, trauma, biomechanical dysfunctions, or systemic conditions. These deformities can cause hyperkeratotic lesions that may contribute to pain and even lead to ulcerations. A standardized comprehensive foot examination, proper diagnosis, and early intervention are important to avoid complications. Conservative and surgical treatments can be tailored to the specific deformity and individual patient needs. Radiographs are useful for assessing these deformities and for surgical planning. Conservative management can include patient education, activity modification, and shoe adjustments. Surgical interventions can be used for treating advanced deformities or persistent pain.

Case 3. JJ is a 53-year-old patient with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and obesity who previously underwent a left hallux amputation due to a diabetic foot ulcer with osteomyelitis. She now has a stage 3 pressure ulcer of the right plantar distal hallux with severe hallux valgus; decreased range of motion of the right first metatarsophalangeal joint; first ray hypermobility; pes planus; metatarsus adductus; and semirigid hammer toe deformities of digits 2, 3, and 4 on the right foot. Her mother had successful bunion surgery, but JJ is reluctant to pursue surgical treatments and asks you about effective nonsurgical options.