Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data portal. Accessed November 23, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/hai/data/portal/index.html
Saint S, Meddings J, Fowler KE, et al.; The guide to patient safety for health care–associated infections. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(7 suppl):S7-S9.
Popovich KJ, Calfee DP, Patel PK, et al.; The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention STRIVE Initiative: construction of a national program to reduce health care–associated infections at the local level. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(7 suppl):S2-S6.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current HAI progress report. Accessed January 20, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/hai/data/portal/progress-report.html
Flodgren G, Gonçalves-Bradley DC, Pomey M-P. External inspection of compliance with standards for improved healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(12):CD008992.
Kaur J, Stone PW, Travers JL, et al.; Influence of staff infection control training on infection-related quality measures in US nursing homes. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(9):1035-1040.
Gould DJ, Moralejo D, Drey N, et al.; Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(9):CD005186.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for healthcare personnel during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Updated September 10, 2021. Accessed November 23, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/infection-control-recommendations.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Immunization of healthcare workers: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep. 1997;46(RR-18):1-42.
Chughtai AA, Seale H, Macintyre CR. Effectiveness of cloth masks for protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(10):e200948.
Sharma SK, Mishra M, Mudgal SK. Efficacy of cloth face mask in prevention of novel coronavirus infection transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9(1):192.
Rhee C, Baker M, Vaidya V, et al.; Incidence of nosocomial COVID-19 in patients hospitalized at a large US academic medical center. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2020498.
Gould CV, Umscheid CA, Agarwal RK, et al.; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Committee (HICPAC). Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections 2009. Updated June 6, 2019. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/cauti-guidelines-H.pdf
Nicolle LE. Catheter associated urinary tract infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2014;3:23.
Sabir N, Ikram A, Zaman G, et al.; Bacterial biofilm-based catheter-associated urinary tract infections:. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(10):1101-1105.
Al-Hazmi H. Role of duration of catheterization and length of hospital stay on the rate of catheter-related hospital-acquired urinary tract infections. Res Rep Urol. 2015;7:41-47.
O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, et al.; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections, 2011. Updated October 2017. Accessed November 23, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/bsi-guidelines-H.pdf
The Joint Commission. Preventing central line–associated bloodstream infections. May 2012. Accessed November 23, 2021. https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/resources/hai/clabsi_monographpdf.pdf
Lai NM, Lai NA, O'Riordan E, et al.; Skin antisepsis for reducing central venous catheter-related infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(7):CD010140.
van den Bosch C, van Woensel J, van de Wetering MD. Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing gram-positive infections associated with long-term central venous catheters in adults and children receiving treatment for cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;(10):CD003295.
Gavin NC, Webster J, Chan RJ, et al.; Frequency of dressing changes for central venous access devices on catheter-related infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(2):CD009213.
Ansari E, Klompas M. What is ventilator-associated pneumonia? How do I diagnose it? How do I treat it? In: Deutschman CS, Neligan PJ, eds. Evidence-Based Practice of Critical Care. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2020:325–331.
Zhao T, Wu X, Zhang Q, et al.; Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;(12):CD008367.
Klompas M, Branson R, Eichenwald EC, et al; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA); Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(8):915-936.
Berríos-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, et al; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017 [published correction appears in JAMA Surg. 2017;152(8):803]. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(8):784-791.
Magill SS, O'Leary E, Janelle SJ, et al; Emerging Infections Program Hospital Prevalence Survey Team; Changes in prevalence of health care–associated infections in U.S. hospitals. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(18):1732-1744.
Department of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases; Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion. Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee: record of the proceedings. May 17–18, 2018. Accessed January 23, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/2018-May-HICPAC-Summary-508.pdf
Ban KA, Minei JP, Laronga C, et al.; American College of Surgeons and Surgical Infection Society: surgical site infection guidelines, 2016 update. J Am Coll Surg. 2017;224(1):59-74.
Allegranzi B, Bischoff P, de Jonge S, et al; WHO Guidelines Development Group; New WHO recommendations on preoperative measures for surgical site infection prevention. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(12):e276-e287.
Madden GR, Sifri CD. Antimicrobial resistance to agents used for Staphylococcus aureus decolonization: is there a reason for concern?. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2018;20(8):26.
Pop-Vicas A, Safdar N. Pre-operative decolonization as a strategy to reduce surgical site infection. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2019;21(10):35.
Humphreys H, Becker K, Dohmen PM, et al.; Staphylococcus aureus and surgical site infections: benefits of screening and decolonization before surgery. J Hosp Infect. 2016;94(3):295-304.
Ling ML, Apisarnthanarak A, Abbas A, et al.; APSIC guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:174.
Dumville JC, Gray TA, Walter CJ, et al.; Dressings for the prevention of surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(12):CD003091.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Core infection prevention and control practices for safe healthcare delivery in all settings—recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Updated March 15, 2017. Accessed November 23, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/core-practices.pdf
Leaper D, Wilson P, Assadian O, et al.; The role of antimicrobial sutures in preventing surgical site infection. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2017;99(6):439-443.
Nelson RL, Suda KJ, Evans CT. Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhoea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(3):CD004610.
Anderson DJ, Moehring RW, Weber DJ, et al; CDC Prevention Epicenters Program; Effectiveness of targeted enhanced terminal room disinfection on hospital-wide acquisition and infection with multidrug-resistant organisms and Clostridium difficile. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(8):845-853.
McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al.; Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(7):e1-e48.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Strategies to prevent Clostridioides difficile infection in acute care facilities. Accessed January 23, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/hai/prevent/cdi-prevention-strategies.html
Casini B, Tuvo B, Cristina ML, et al.; Evaluation of an ultraviolet C (UVC) light-emitting device for disinfection of high touch surfaces in hospital critical areas. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(19):3572.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hand hygiene guidance. Accessed January 25, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene/providers/guideline.html
Principi N, Gnocchi M, Gagliardi M, et al.; Prevention of Clostridium difficile infection and associated diarrhea: an unsolved problem. Microorganisms. 2020;8(11):1640.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic prescribing and use: core elements of hospital antibiotic stewardship programs. Updated April 28, 2021. Accessed January 23, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/core-elements/hospital.html
Mounsey A, Smith KL, Reddy VC, et al.; Clostridioides difficile infection: update on management. Am Fam Physician. 2020;101(3):168-175. Accessed October 6, 2021. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2020/0201/p168.html
Dancer SJ, Kirkpatrick P, Corcoran DS, et al.; Approaching zero: temporal effects of a restrictive antibiotic policy on hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing coliforms and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;41(2):137-142.
Goldenberg JZ, Yap C, Lytvyn L, et al.; Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(12):CD006095.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The core elements of hospital antibiotic stewardship programs: 2019. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/healthcare/pdfs/hospital-core-elements-H.pdf
Trubiano JA, Vogrin S, Chua KYL, et al.; Development and validation of a penicillin allergy clinical decision rule. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(5):745-752.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance (AR/AMR): biggest threats and data. 2019 AR threat report. Accessed January 23, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/biggest-threats.html
Livorsi DJ, Chorazy ML, Schweizer ML, et al.; A systematic review of the epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the United States. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:55.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infection control: IV. MDRO prevention and control. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings (2006). Accessed January 23, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/mdro/prevention-control.html
Xiao G, Chen Z, Lv X. Chlorhexidine-based body washing for colonization and infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus: an updated meta-analysis. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:1473-1481.
Rutala WA, Weber DJ; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities, 2008. Updated May 2019. Accessed November 23, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/disinfection-guidelines-H.pdf
Hsu V. Prevention of health care–associated infections [published correction appears in Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(10):676]. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(6):377-382. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0915/p377.html