References

  1. 1.Egge JA, Anderson RH, Schimelpfenig MD. Care of the well newborn. Pediatr Rev. 2022;43(12):676-690.
  2. 2.Hagan JF, Shaw J, Duncan P, eds. Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents. 4th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2017.
  3. 3.Kemper AR, Newman TB, Slaughter JL, et al. Clinical practice guideline revision: management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics. 2022;150(3):e2022058859.
  4. 4.Donahue SP, Baker CN. Procedures for the evaluation of the visual system by pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2016;137(1):e20153597.
  5. 5.Yang S, Zusman N, Lieberman E, et al. Developmental dysplasia of the hip. Pediatrics. 2019;143(1):e20181147.
  6. 6.Noritz GH, Murphy NA. Motor delays: early identification and evaluation. Pediatrics. 2013;131(6):e2016-e2027.
  7. 7.Goodarzi H, Wu TT, Wang J, et al. Neonatal dermatology: the normal, the common, and the serious. Neoreviews. 2021;22(1):e40-e51.
  8. 8.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. WHO growth standards for use in US infants and children birth to 2 years. https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/who-growth-charts.htm
  9. 9.Penn State Hershey Medical Center. Newborn weight tool. https://newbornweight.org/
  10. 10.Asnes AG, Leventhal JM. Bruising in infants: an approach to the recognition of child physical abuse. Pediatr Rev. 2022;43(7):361-370.
  11. 11.Lipkin PH, Macias MM. Promoting optimal development: identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders through developmental surveillance and screening. Pediatrics. 2020;145(1):e20193449.
  12. 12.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Learn the signs. Act early. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/index.html
  13. 13.Bower C, Reilly BK, Richerson J, Hecht JL. Hearing assessment in infants, children, and adolescents: recommendations beyond neonatal screening. Pediatrics. 2023;152(3):e2023063288.
  14. 14.Crotty JE, Martin-Herz SP, Scharf RJ. Cognitive development. Pediatr Rev. 2023;44(2):58-67.
  15. 15.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedule by age. Vaccines and immunizations. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/child-adolescent-age.html
  16. 16.Edwards KM, Hackell JM. Countering vaccine hesitancy. Pediatrics. 2016;138(3):e20162146.
  17. 17.American Academy of Family Physicians. Immunizations & vaccines. Immunization schedules. https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/prevention-wellness/immunizations-vaccines/immunization-schedules.html
  18. 18.US Preventive Services Task Force. Immunizations for children. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/immunizations-children
  19. 19.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccines for your children. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines-children/hcp/
  20. 20.Gauer RL, Burket J, Horowitz E. Common questions about outpatient care of premature infants. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(4):244-251.
  21. 21.Martin GR, Ewer AK, Gaviglio A, et al. Updated strategies for pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart disease. Pediatrics. 2020;146(1):e20191650.
  22. 22.Rajabi F. Updates in newborn screening. Pediatr Ann. 2018;47(5):e187-e190.
  23. 23.Abouk R, Grosse SD, Ailes EC, et al. Association of US state implementation of newborn screening policies for critical congenital heart disease with early infant cardiac deaths. JAMA. 2017;318(21):2111-2118.
  24. 24.Oster ME, Pinto NM, Pramanik AK, et al. Newborn screening for critical congenital heart disease: a new algorithm and other updated recommendations: clinical report. Pediatrics. 2024;155(1):e2024069667.
  25. 25.American Academy of Pediatrics Newborn Screening Authoring Committee. Newborn screening expands: recommendations for pediatricians and medical homes—implications for the system. Pediatrics. 2008;121(1):192-217.
  26. 26.Health Resources and Services Administration. Newborn screening in your state. https://newbornscreening.hrsa.gov/your-state
  27. 27.American Academy of Pediatrics. Year 2007 position statement: principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. Pediatrics. 2007;120(4):898-921.
  28. 28.Joint Committee on Infant Hearing. Year 2019 position statement: principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. J Early Hear Detect Interv. 2019;4(2):1-44.
  29. 29.Flaherman VJ, Maisels MJ. ABM clinical protocol #22: guidelines for management of jaundice in the breastfeeding infant 35 weeks or more of gestation-revised 2017. Breastfeed Med. 2017;12(5):250-257.
  30. 30.Balasundaram P, Campbell D. Monitoring neonatal bilirubin after discharge. Pediatr Rev. 2023;44(2):110-113.
  31. 31.Patrick SW, Barfield WD, Poindexter BB. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. Pediatrics. 2020;146(5):e2020029074.
  32. 32.Committee on Obstetric Practice American Society of Addiction Medicine. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 711: opioid use and opioid use disorder in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(2):e81-e94.
  33. 33.Harris M, Schiff DM, Saia K, et al. Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine clinical protocol #21: breastfeeding in the setting of substance use and substance use disorder (revised 2023). Breastfeed Med. 2023;18(10):715-733.
  34. 34.Watterberg K. Providing care for infants born at home. Pediatrics. 2020;145(5):e20200626.
  35. 35.Kleine I. Interventions to prevent perinatal depression: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2019;321(6):580-587.
  36. 36.Earls MF, Yogman MW, Mattson G, et al. Incorporating recognition and management of perinatal depression into pediatric practice. Pediatrics. 2019;143(1):e20183259.
  37. 37.Corke L. Perinatal depression: AAP policy statement on recognition and management. Am Fam Physician. 2019;100(7):443-444.
  38. 38.Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, et al. Screening for anxiety disorders in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2023;329(24):2163-2170.
  39. 39.Council on Community Pediatrics. Poverty and child health in the United States. Pediatrics. 2016;137(4):e20160339.
  40. 40.Garg A, Butz AM, Dworkin PH, et al. Improving the management of family psychosocial problems at low-income children’s well-child care visits: the WE CARE Project. Pediatrics. 2007;120(3):547-558.
  41. 41.Meek JY, Noble L. Policy statement: breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2022;150(1):e2022057988.
  42. 42.Hoyt-Austin AE, Kair LR, Larson IA, et al. Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine clinical protocol #2: guidelines for birth hospitalization discharge of breastfeeding dyads, revised 2022. Breastfeed Med. 2022;17(3):197-206.
  43. 43.Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Primary care interventions to support breastfeeding: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016;316(16):1688-1693.
  44. 44.Abougi L, Noble L, Smith C, et al. Infant feeding for persons living with and at risk for HIV in the United States: clinical report. Pediatrics. 2004;153(6):e2024066843.
  45. 45.Gupta S, Hampton EP. Maternal medication transmission through human milk. Pediatrics. 2022;43(2):119-121.
  46. 46.DiMaggio DM, Cox A, Porto AF. Updates in infant nutrition. Pediatr Rev. 2017;38(10):449-462.
  47. 47.Baker RD, Greer FR. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics. 2010;126(5):1040-1050.
  48. 48.Scarpone R, Kimkool P, Ierodiakonou D, et al. Timing of allergenic food introduction and risk of immunoglobulin e-mediated food allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177(5):489-497.
  49. 49.Durbin DR, Hoffman BD. Child passenger safety. Pediatrics. 2018;142(5):e20182460.
  50. 50.Sims A, Chounthirath T, Yang J, et al. Infant walker-related injuries in the United States. Pediatrics. 2018;142(4):e20174332.
  51. 51.Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: updated 2016 recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. Pediatrics. 2016;138(5):e20162938.
  52. 52.Zimmerman D, Bartick M, Feldman-Winter L, et al. ABM clinical protocol #37: physiological infant care-managing nighttime breastfeeding in young infants. Breastfeed Med. 2023;18(3):159-168.
  53. 53.Blair PS, Ball HL, McKenna JJ, et al. Bedsharing and breastfeeding: the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine protocol #6, revision 2019. Breastfeed Med. 2020;15(1):5-16.
  54. 54.Liu A. Sleep training. Pediatr Ann. 2020;49(3):e101-e105.
  55. 55.Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D’Ambrosio C, et al. Consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the recommended amount of sleep for healthy children: methodology and discussion. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(11):1549-1561.
  56. 56.Pennestri MH, Laganière C, Bouvette-Turcot AA, et al. Uninterrupted infant sleep, development, and maternal mood. Pediatrics. 2018;142(6):e20174330.
  1. 1.Hagan JF, Shaw JS, Duncan PM, et al. Maximizing children’s health: screening, anticipatory guidance, and counseling. In: Kliegman R, ed. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Elsevier; 2025: 84-90.e1.
  2. 2.Hagan JF, Shaw JS, Duncan PM, eds. Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents. 4th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2017.
  3. 3.Sheldrick RC, Marakovitz S, Garfinkel D, et al. Comparative accuracy of developmental screening questionnaires. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(4):366-374.
  4. 4.US Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025. 9th ed. USDA; 2020.
  5. 5.Goodwin ET, Buel KL, Cantrell LD. Growth faltering and failure to thrive in children. Am Fam Physician. 2023;107(6):597-603.
  6. 6.Tang MN, Adolphe S, Rogers SR, et al. Failure to thrive or growth faltering: medical, developmental/behavioral, nutritional, and social dimensions. Pediatr Rev. 2021;42(11):590-603.
  7. 7.Kumar S, Kelly AS. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(2):251-265.
  8. 8.Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):e2022060640.
  9. 9.Crotty JE, Martin-Herz SP, Scharf RJ. Cognitive development. Pediatr Rev. 2023;44(2):58-67.
  10. 10.Bright futures toolkit: links to commonly used screening instruments and tools. American Academy of Pediatrics. https://publications.aap.org/toolkits/resources/15625/Bright-Futures-Toolkit-Links-to-Commonly-Used
  11. 11.Jullien S. Screening of iron deficiency anaemia in early childhood. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21(suppl 1):337.
  12. 12.Powers JM, Buchanan GR, Adix L, et al. Effect of low-dose ferrous sulfate vs iron polysaccharide complex on hemoglobin concentration in young children with nutritional iron-deficiency anemia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317(22):2297-2304.
  13. 13.Long M, Register-Brown K. Autism spectrum disorder. Pediatr Rev. 2021;42(7):360-374.
  14. 14.Brecher EA, Lewis CW. Infant oral health. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2018;65(5):909-921.
  15. 15.Moyer VA. Prevention of dental caries in children from birth through age 5 years: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Pediatrics. 2014;133(6):1102-1111.
  16. 16.Clark MB, Slayton RL. Fluoride use in caries prevention in the primary care setting. Pediatrics. 2014;134(3):626-633.
  17. 17.Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904.
  18. 18.Markowitz M. Lead poisoning: an update. Pediatr Rev. 2021;42(6):302-315.
  19. 19.American Academy of Pediatrics. Detection of lead poisoning. https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/lead-exposure/detection-of-lead-poisoning/
  20. 20.Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, et al. Screening for elevated blood lead levels in children and pregnant women: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2019;321(15):1502-1509.
  21. 21.US Environmental Protection Agency. Protect your family from sources of lead. https://www.epa.gov/lead/protect-your-family-sources-lead#:~:text=potential%20lead%20exposure-,Older%20Homes%20and%20Buildings, railings%2C%20banisters%2C%20and%20porches
  22. 22.Kimberlin DW, Banergee R, Barnett ED, et al. Tuberculosis. In: Kimberlin DW, ed. Red Book: 2004-2007 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 33rd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2024.
  23. 23.Baucom C, LaPonsie S. Clinical presentation, screening, and diagnosis of pediatric tuberculosis. Pediatr Ann. 2022;51(12):e461-e468.
  24. 24.Loh AR, Chiang MF. Pediatric vision screening. Pediatr Rev. 2018;39(5):225-234.
  25. 25.White EM, Frazier KF, Scharf RJ. Temper tantrums and breath-holding spells. Pediatrics. 2022;43(7):411-413.
  26. 26.Luangrath A, Hiscock H. Problem behaviour in children—an approach for general practice. Aust Fam Physician. 2011;40(9):678-681.
  27. 27.Council on Communications and Media. Media and young minds. Pediatrics. 2016;138(5):e20162591.
  28. 28.Schmitt B. Weaning from the bottle—12 months or older. Advanced Pediatric Asssociates; 2000-2021. https://advancedpediatricassociates.com/Weaning-From-the-Bottle-12-Months-or-Older
  29. 29.Abrams EM, Shaker M, Stukus D, et al. Updates in food allergy prevention in children. Pediatrics. 2023;152(5):e2023062836.
  30. 30.West BA, Rudd RA, Sauber-Schatz EK, et al. Unintentional injury deaths in children and youth, 2010-2019. J Safety Res. 2021;78:322-330.
  31. 31.Durbin DR, Hoffman BD. Child passenger safety. Pediatrics. 2018;142(5):e20182460.
  32. 32.Lee LK, Flaherty MR, Blanchard AM, et al. Helmet use in preventing head injuries in bicycling, snow sports, and other recreational activities and sports. Pediatrics. 2022;150(3):e2022058877.
  33. 33.Thompson DC, Rivara F, Thompson R. Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000(2):CD001855.
  34. 34.Krishna J, Kalra M, McQuillan ME. Sleep disorders in childhood. Pediatr Rev. 2023;44(4):189-202.
  35. 35.HealthyChildren.org. Toddler bedtime trouble. 7 tips for parents. https://www.healthy-children.org/English/healthy-living/sleep/Pages/bedtime-trouble.aspx
  36. 36.American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatric patient education. Sleeping well: tips for parents of babies and young children. https://publications.aap.org/patiented/article/doi/10.1542/ppe_document258/185391/Sleeping-Well-Tips-for-Parents-of-Babies-and-Young
  37. 37.Baird DC, Bybel M, Kowalski AW. Toilet training: common questions and answers. Am Fam Physician. 2019;100(8):468-474.
  38. 38.LeLeiko NS, Mayer-Brown S, Cerezo C, et al. Constipation. Pediatr Rev. 2020;41(8):379-392.
  39. 39.Nevéus T, Fonseca E, Franco I, et al. Management and treatment of nocturnal enuresis-an updated standardization document from the International Children’s Continence Society. J Pediatr Urol. 2020;16(1):10-19.
  40. 40.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedule by age. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/child-adolescent-age.html
  41. 41.American Academy of Family Physicians. Immunizations & vaccines. Immunization schedules. https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/prevention-wellness/immunizations-vaccines/immunization-schedules.html
  42. 42.American Academy of Pediatrics. Recommended child and adolescent immunization schedule for ages 18 years or younger. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/downloads/child/0-18yrs-child-combined-schedule.pdf?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/child/0-18yrs-child-combined-schedule.pdf
  43. 43.US Preventive Services Task Force. Immunizations for children. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/immunizations-children
  1. 1.Hagan JF, Shaw JS, Duncan PM, eds. Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents. 4th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2017.
  2. 2.American Academy of Pediatrics. Recommendations for preventive pediatric health care. https://downloads.aap.org/AAP/PDF/periodicity_schedule.pdf
  3. 3.Riley M, Morrison L, McEvoy A. Health maintenance in school-aged children: part I. History, physical examination, screening, and immunizations. Am Fam Physician. 2019;100(4):213-218.
  4. 4.Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, et al. 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and Development. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat. 2002; 11(246):1-190.
  5. 5.Riley M, Hernandez AK, Kuznia AL. High blood pressure in children and adolescents. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98(8):486-494.
  6. 6.Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904.
  7. 7.Nagpal N, Messito MJ, Katzow M, et al. Obesity in children. Pediatr Rev. 2022;43(11):601-617.
  8. 8.Goodwin ET, Buel KL, Cantrell LD. Growth faltering and failure to thrive in children. Am Fam Physician. 2023;107(6):597-603.
  9. 9.Curry ES. Use of chaperones during the physical examination of the pediatric patient. Pediatrics. 2011;127(5):991-993.
  10. 10.Kodner C, Wetherton A. Diagnosis and management of physical abuse in children. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(10):669-675.
  11. 11.Rajaprakash M, Leppert ML. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Rev. 2022;43(3):135-147.
  12. 12.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccines and immunizations. Immunization schedules for 18 & younger. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html
  13. 13.American Academy of Pediatrics. Vaccination recommendations by the AAP. https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/immunizations/vaccination-recommendations-by-the-aap/
  14. 14.American Academy of Pediatrics. Family media plan. www.healthychildren.org/MediaUsePlan
  15. 15.US Preventive Services Task Force. Immunizations for children. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/immunizations-children
  16. 16.Viswanathan M, Wallace IF, Cook Middleton J, et al. Screening for depression and suicide risk in children and adolescents: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2022;328(15):1543-1556.
  17. 17.Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Screening for depression and suicide risk in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022;328(15):1534-1542.
  18. 18.Kowalchuk A, Gonzalez SJ, Zoorob RJ. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Am Fam Physician. 2022;106(6):657-664.
  19. 19.Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Screening for anxiety in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022;328(14):1438-1444.
  20. 20.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128(suppl 5):S213-S256.
  21. 21.Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al. Screening for high blood pressure in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020;324(18):1878-1883.
  22. 22.Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Coppola EL, et al. Screening for lipid disorders in children and adolescents: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2023;330(3):261-274.
  23. 23.Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, et al. Screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018;319(2):165-172.
  24. 24.American Academy of Family Physicians. Social Needs Screening Tool. https://www.aafp.org/dam/AAFP/documents/patient_care/everyone_project/hops19-physician-form-sdoh.pdf
  25. 25.American Academy of Pediatrics. Oral Health Risk Assessment Tool. https://downloads.aap.org/AAP/PDF/oralhealth_RiskAssessmentTool.pdf
  26. 26.Clark MB, Keels MA, Slayton RL. Fluoride use in caries prevention in the primary care setting. Pediatrics. 2020;146(6):e2020034637.
  27. 27.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001;50(RR-14):1-42.
  28. 28.Krol DM, Whelan K. Maintaining and improving the oral health of young children. Pediatrics. 2023;151(1):e2022060417.
  29. 29.Harlor ADB, Bower C. Hearing assessment in infants and children: recommendations beyond neonatal screening. Pediatrics. 2009;124(4):1252-1263.
  30. 30.Bitsko RH, Claussen AH, Lichstein J, et al. Mental health surveillance among children—United States, 2013-2019. MMWR Suppl. 2022;71(2):1-42.
  31. 31.Viswanathan M, Wallace IF, Cook Middleton J, et al. Screening for anxiety in children and adolescents: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2022;328(14):1445-1455.
  32. 32.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Obesity. Childhood obesity facts. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood-obesity-facts/childhood-obesity-facts.html#cdc_data_surveillance_section_4-health-care-for-obesity-is-expensive
  33. 33.Grossman DC, Bibbins-Domingo K, Curry SJ, et al. Screening for obesity and intervention for weight management in children and adolescents. US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2017;317(23):2417-2426.
  34. 34.SRS/POSNA/AAOS/AAP position statement: screening for the early detection for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. https://posna.org/news/screening-for-the-early-detection-of-idiopathic-scoliosis-in-adolescents
  35. 35.Rogers GL, Jordan CO. Pediatric vision screening. Pediatr Rev. 2013;34(3):126-132, quiz 133.
  36. 36.Hill DL. Social media: anticipatory guidance. Pediatr Rev. 2020;41(3):112-119.
  37. 37.Council on Communications and Media. Media use in school-aged children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2016;138(5):e20162592.
  38. 38.Council on Communications and Media. Children, adolescents, and the media. Pediatrics. 2013;132(5):958-961.
  39. 39.Alanko D. The health effects of video games in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rev. 2023;44(1):23-32.
  40. 40.Collier KM, Coyne SM, Rasmussen EE, et al. Does parental mediation of media influence child outcomes? A meta-analysis on media time, aggression, substance use, and sexual behavior. Dev Psychol. 2016;52(5):798-812.
  41. 41.US Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025. 9th ed. USDA; 2020.
  42. 42.Kleinman RE, Greer FR, eds. Pediatric Nutrition. 8th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2019.
  43. 43.US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd ed. DHHS; 2018.
  44. 44.West BA, Rudd RA, Sauber-Schatz EK, et al. Unintentional injury deaths in children and youth, 2010-2019. J Safety Res. 2021(78):322-330.
  45. 45.Conover K, Romero S. Drowning prevention in pediatrics. Pediatr Ann. 2018;47(3):e112-e117.
  46. 46.Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D’Ambrosio C, et al. Consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the recommended amount of sleep for healthy children: methodology and discussion. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(11):1549-1561.
  1. 1.Hagan JF, Shaw JS, Duncan PM, eds. Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents. 4th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2017.
  2. 2.Klein DA, Paradise SL, Landis CA. Screening and counseling adolescents and young adults: a framework for comprehensive care. Am Fam Physician. 2020;101(3):147-158.
  3. 3.Song X, Klein JD, Yan H, et al. Parent and adolescent attitudes towards preventive care and confidentiality. J Adolesc Health. 2019;64(2):235-241.
  4. 4.Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Underlying cause of death by single race 2018-2023. https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/help/ucd-expanded.html
  5. 5.Cunningham RM, Walton MA, Carter PM. The major causes of death in children and adolescents in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(25):2468-2475.
  6. 6.Carter PM, Cunningham RM. Clinical approaches to the prevention of firearm-related injury. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(10):926-940.
  7. 7.American Academy of Pediatrics. Bright futures medical screening reference table: adolescence visits (11 through 21 years). American Academy of Pediatrics. 2018. https://downloads.aap.org/AAP/PDF/Bright%20Futures/MSRTable_AdolVisits_BF4.pdf
  8. 8.Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):1-72.
  9. 9.Bernhardt DT, Roberts WO, eds. PPE: Preparticipation Physical Evaluation. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2019.
  10. 10.MacDonald J, Schaefer M, Stumph J. The preparticipation physical evaluation. Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(9):539-546.
  11. 11.Leggit J, Wise S. Preparticipation physical evaluation: AAFP and others update recommendations. Am Fam Physician. 2020;101(11):692-694.
  12. 12.Marcell AV, Burstein GR. Sexual and reproductive health care services in the pediatric setting. Pediatrics. 2017;140(5):e20172858.
  13. 13.Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2017. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2018;67(8):1-114.
  14. 14.Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Recommendations for promoting the health and well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents: a position paper of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. J Adolesc Health. 2013;52(4):506-510.
  15. 15.Levine DA. Office-based care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth. Pediatrics. 2013;132(1):e297-e313.
  16. 16.Rome ES, Miller E. Intimate partner violence in the adolescent. Pediatr Rev. 2020;41(2):73-80.
  17. 17.Kreisel KM, Spicknall IH, Gargano JW, et al. Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2018. Sex Transm Dis. 2021;48(4):208-214.
  18. 18.Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al. Behavioral counseling interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020;324(7):674-681.
  19. 19.Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Cabana M, et al. Screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021;326(10):949-956.
  20. 20.Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al. Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020;324(23):2415-2422.
  21. 21.Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, et al. Screening for HIV infection: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2019;321(23):2326-2336.
  22. 22.Mangione CM, Barry MJ, et al. Screening for syphilis infection in nonpregnant adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022;328(12):1241249.
  23. 23.Lindberg LD, Santelli JS, Desai S. Changing patterns of contraceptive use and the decline in rates of pregnancy and birth among US adolescents, 2007-2014. J Adolesc Health. 2018;63(2):253-256.
  24. 24.ACOG Committee Opinion No. 735. Adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(5):e130-e139.
  25. 25.Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, et al. US medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65(3):1-103.
  26. 26.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Catch-up immunization schedule for children and adolescents. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/child-adolescent-catch-up.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/catchup.html
  27. 27.American Academy of Family Physicians. Immunizations & vaccines. Immunization schedules. https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/prevention-wellness/immunizations-vaccines/immunization-schedules.html
  28. 28.American Academy of Pediatrics. Vaccination recommendations by the AAP. https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/immunizations/vaccination-recommendations-by-the-aap/?srsltid=AfmBOoo18F9nh41pdWKtDcEUxbH-PHbrn-qqHjMjWhpvwf3tfGDvSSSUx
  29. 29.US Preventive Services Task Force. Immunizations for children. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/immunizations-children
  30. 30.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedules by age. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/child-adolescent-age.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html
  31. 31.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Meningococcal B vaccination. Shared clinical decision-making. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/media/pdfs/2025/03/2024-isd-job-aid-scdm-menb-508-remediated.pdf?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/admin/downloads/isd-job-aid-scdm-mening-b-shared-clinical-decision-making.pdf
  32. 32.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccine schedules based on medical indications. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/child-adolescent-medical-indication.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-indications.html
  33. 33.Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Screening for depression and suicide risk in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022;328(15):1534-1542.
  34. 34.Bitsko RH, Claussen AH, Lichstein J, et al. Mental health surveillance among children—United States, 2013-2019. MMWR Suppl. 2022;71(2):1-42.
  35. 35.Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Screening for anxiety in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022;328(14):1438-1444.
  36. 36.Kemper AR, Letostak TB, Hostutler CA, et al. Screening for anxiety in pediatric primary care: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2021;148(4):e2021052633.
  37. 37.Mossman SA, Luft MJ, Schroeder HK, et al. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder: signal detection and validation. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2017;29(4):227-234A.
  38. 38.Richardson LP, McCauley E, Grossman DC, et al. Evaluation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item for detecting major depression among adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010;126(6):1117-1123.
  39. 39.Croke L. Depression in adolescents: AAP updates guidelines on diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98(7):462-463.
  40. 40.Cheung AH, Zuckerbrot RA, Jensen PS, et al. Guidelines for adolescent depression in primary care (GLAD-PC): part II. Treatment and ongoing management. Pediatrics. 2018;141(3):e20174082.
  41. 41.Zuckerbrot RA, Cheung A, Jensen PS, et al. Guidelines for adolescent depression in primary care (GLAD-PC): part I. Practice preparation, identification, assessment, and initial management. Pediatrics. 2018;141(3):e20174081.
  42. 42.Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, et al. Screening for eating disorders in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022;327(11):1061-1067.
  43. 43.Hornberger LL, Lane MA. Identification and management of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2021;147(1):e2020040279.
  44. 44.Hua LL, Lee J, Rahmandar MH, Sigel EJ. Suicide and suicide risk in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2024;153(1):e2023064800.
  45. 45.Sherman P, Torga AP. Suicide prevention in adolescence. Pediatr Rev. 2022;43(6):356-359.
  46. 46.Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, et al. Screening for lipid disorders in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2023;330(3):253-260.
  47. 47.Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, et al. Screening and preventive interventions for oral health in children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2023;330(17):1666-1673.
  48. 48.Council on Communications and Media. Children, adolescents, and the media. Pediatrics. 2013;132(5):958-961.
  49. 49.Council on Communications and Media. Media use in school-aged children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2016;138(5):e20162592.
  50. 50.Hauk L. Use of media by school-aged children and adolescents: a policy statement from the AAP. Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(1):56-57.
  51. 51.Timmons-Mitchell J, Flannery DJ. What pediatricians should know and do about cyberbullying. Pediatr Rev. 2020;41(7):373-375.
  52. 52.US Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025. 9th ed. USDA; 2020.
  53. 53.Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D’Ambrosio C, et al. Consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the recommended amount of sleep for healthy children: methodology and discussion. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(11):1549-1561.
  54. 54.Owens J. Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: an update on causes and consequences. Pediatrics. 2014;134(3):e921-e932.
  55. 55.Wheaton AG, Jones SE, Cooper AC, et al. Short sleep duration among middle school and high school students—United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(3):85-90.
  56. 56.Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, et al. Primary care interventions for prevention and cessation of tobacco use in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1590-1598.
  57. 57.Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, et al. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions to reduce unhealthy alcohol use in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018;320(18):1899-1909.
  58. 58.Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al. Screening for unhealthy drug use: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020;323(22):2301-2309.
  59. 59.Gobbi G, Atkin T, Zytynski T, et al. Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(4):426-434.
  60. 60.Levy SJ, Kokotailo PK, et al. Substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment for pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2011;128(5):e1330-e1340.

Current edition

Hepatitis Overview

Hepatitis Overview

Copyright © 2026 by the American Academy of Family Physicians.

This content is owned by the AAFP. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. See permissions for copyright questions and/or permission requests.