Surgical Interventions

Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is surgery on the gastrointestinal tract aimed at weight loss and resolution of metabolic disease. These surgeries can result in remission of diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnea in many patients, and can prolong life expectancy by 5 to 9 years. Because of the proven benefits, the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery recommends surgery for all patients with a body mass index of 35 kg/m² or higher, except for patients with diabetes whose threshold is 30 kg/m² regardless of prior nonsurgical weight loss efforts. For children 13 years and older, MBS is recommended and has not been shown to negatively affect height or development. The MBS procedures have a very low risk of surgical complications but require careful preoperative counseling due to the major long-term effect expected on lifestyle. Family physicians are well suited to discuss MBS as an option for appropriate patients, refer to a qualified center, and monitor patients postoperatively. Attention must be given to effects on diet, fertility, and mental health, and adjustments must be made for long-term medications. These surgeries should not be viewed as a last resort for only patients with severe obesity but as an effective intervention to consider early in the treatment of obesity, especially when complicated by metabolic conditions.