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Diagnostic Tests

Q-Pad Test System to Measure A1C

Megan Mendez Miller, DO
Sesilya Whaley, PharmD

American Family Physician. 2026;113(3):283-284.

Author disclosure: No relevant financial relationships.

MEGAN MENDEZ MILLER, DO, and SESILYA WHALEY, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP, BC-ADM, BCACP, Penn State Health, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania

Address correspondence to Megan Mendez Miller, DO, at mmendezmiller@pennstatehealth.psu.edu.

Author disclosure: No relevant financial relationships.

  1. 1.Qvin. Empowering women. Period. Accessed January 15, 2025. https://qvin.com
  2. 2.Naseri S, Lerma K, Blumenthal PD. Comparative assessment of serum versus menstrual blood for diagnostic purposes: a pilot study. J Clin Lab Med. 2019;4(2):1-4.
  3. 3.Naseri S, Brewster RCL, Blumenthal PD. Novel use of menstrual blood for monitoring glycaemic control in patients with diabetes: a proof-of-concept study. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2022;48(2):123-127.
  4. 4.Naseri S, Avrutsky MI, Capati C, et al. Concordance of hemoglobin A1c and reproductive hormone levels in menstrual and venous blood. F S Rep. 2023;5(1):33-39.
  5. 5.Deacon B, Abramowitz J. Fear of needles and vasovagal reactions among phlebotomy patients. J Anxiety Disord. 2006;20(7):946-960.
  6. 6.Zaheer A, Komel A, Abu Bakr MB, et al. Potential for and challenges of menstrual blood as a non-invasive diagnostic specimen: current status and future directions. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2024;86(8):4591-4600.

This series is coordinated by Natasha Pyzocha, DO, contributing editor.

A collection of Diagnostic Tests published in AFP is available at https://www.aafp.org/afp/diagnostic.

Previous article
SGLT-2 Inhibitors and Increased Risk of Urogenital Infections
Mar 2026
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Bleeding Risk in Patients 80 Years and Older Taking a Direct Oral Anticoagulant

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